In order to thoroughly implement the "Regulations on Fair Competition Review" (hereinafter referred to as the "Regulations"), strengthen the rigid constraints of fair competition review, maintain the market order of fair competition, and accelerate the construction of a unified national market, the State Administration for Market Regulation recently issued the "Implementation Measures for the Regulations on Fair Competition Review" (hereinafter referred to as the "Implementation Measures"), which will be officially implemented on April 20.

The "Implementation Measures" point out that the drafting of policies and measures involving the economic activities of business operators without the basis of laws or administrative regulations or without the approval of the State Council shall not contain the content of giving tax incentives to specific business operators, shall not contain the content of giving selective and differentiated financial incentives or subsidies to specific business operators, and shall not contain the content of giving preferential treatment to specific business operators in terms of access to factors, administrative fees, government funds, social insurance premiums, etc.

The original text is as follows:

Measures for the Implementation of the Regulations on Fair Competition Review

(Decree No. 99 of the State Administration for Market Regulation on February 28, 2025, effective as of April 20, 2025)

Chapter I: General Provisions

Article 1: These Measures are formulated on the basis of the Anti-Monopoly Law of the People's Republic of China and the Regulations on Fair Competition Review (hereinafter referred to as the Regulations) in order to ensure the implementation of the fair competition review system.

Article 2: Administrative organs and organizations authorized by laws or regulations to have public affairs management functions (hereinafter collectively referred to as drafting units) drafting policies and measures involving the economic activities of business operators shall carry out a fair competition review in accordance with law.

The term "policy measures" related to the economic activities of business operators as used in the preceding paragraph includes laws, administrative regulations, local regulations, rules, normative documents, and specific policy measures involving business operators' equal use of production factors and fair participation in market competition in accordance with law, such as market access and exit, industrial development, investment promotion, government procurement, bidding and tendering, qualification standards, and regulatory law enforcement.

"Specific policy measures" as used in the preceding paragraph refers to policies and measures other than laws, administrative regulations, local regulations, rules, and normative documents involving the economic activities of business operators, including policy documents, standards, technical specifications, administrative agreements signed with business operators, memoranda, and so forth.

Article 3: The State Administration for Market Regulation is responsible for guiding the implementation of the fair competition review system, urging relevant departments and localities to carry out fair competition review efforts, and performing the following duties in accordance with law:

(1) Guide the implementation of the national fair competition review system, and promote the resolution of major problems in the implementation of the system;

(2) To carry out a fair competition review of policy measures to be promulgated by the State Council or submitted to the National People's Congress and its Standing Committee for deliberation, in conjunction with the drafting units;

(3) Establish and complete mechanisms for fair competition review and spot checks, report handling, and supervision, and organize and carry out relevant work nationwide;

(4) Undertake the assessment of the implementation of the national fair competition review system;

(5) Other matters to guide and supervise the implementation of the fair competition review system.

Article 4: Local departments for market regulation at the county level or above are responsible for organizing the implementation of fair competition review systems within their respective administrative regions, urging relevant departments to carry out fair competition review efforts, and accepting the guidance and oversight of the market regulation departments at the level above.

Article 5: Drafting units shall strictly implement responsibility for fair competition review, establish and complete mechanisms for fair competition review, clarify the institutions undertaking fair competition review work, strengthen capacity building for fair competition review, and strengthen safeguards for fair competition review work.

Article 6: The departments for market regulation shall strengthen training and guidance on fair competition review operations and publicity on popular legal education, promoting the increase of capacity and level of fair competition review.

Article 7: The departments for market regulation shall do a good job of work related to fair competition review data statistics, development and utilization, and strengthen the establishment of informatization for fair competition reviews.

Article 8: In the course of evaluations and evaluations of people's governments at the county level or above, such as for the establishment of a rule of law government and the optimization of the business environment, the departments for market regulation shall cooperate in completing evaluations and evaluations of efforts related to fair competition reviews, and promote the full implementation of the fair competition review system.

Chapter II: Review Standards

Section 1 Review Criteria for Restrictions on Market Access and Exit

Article 9: The drafting of policies and measures involving the economic activities of business operators must not contain the following content on the illegal establishment of market access approval procedures for industries, fields, businesses, and so forth that are not on the negative list for market access:

(1) Drafting a negative list of the nature of market access in violation of regulations outside of the national unified negative list for market access;

(2) Establishing access permits in violation of regulations outside the national unified negative list for market access, or requiring business entities to engage in investment and business activities only after the application is approved by means of filing, certification, catalog, plan, planning, certification, etc.;

(3) Illegally increasing the links and procedures for market access approval, or setting up pre-filing procedures that are in the nature of administrative approval;

(4) Illegally adding market entry prohibition measures, or restricting market access permit management measures in areas such as business entity qualifications, ownership forms, equity ratios, business scopes, business formats, and business models;

(5) Employing temporary market access management measures in violation of regulations;

(6) Other content that illegally sets up approval procedures for industries, fields, businesses, and so forth that are not on the negative list for market access.

Article 10 The drafting of policies and measures involving the economic activities of business operators shall not contain the following illegal establishment or granting of government concessions:

(A) no basis in laws, administrative regulations or without the approval of the State Council, the establishment of franchise rights or in the name of the franchise to add administrative licensing matters;

(B) not through bidding, negotiation and other fair competition methods to select government concessiones;

(C) illegal agreement or change the franchise term without legal procedures;

(D) Other content that illegally establishes or grants government concessions.

Article 11: The drafting of policies and measures involving the economic activities of business operators must not contain the following content that restricts the operation, purchase, or use of goods or services provided by specific business operators (hereinafter collectively referred to as "commodities"):

(1) Restricting or covertly restricting the operation, purchase, or use of goods provided by specific business operators by means such as explicit requirements or implications;

(2) Restricting or covertly restricting the operation, purchase, or use of goods provided by specific business operators by restricting the form of ownership, place of registration, or organizational form, or setting other unreasonable conditions;

(3) Restricting or covertly restricting the operation, purchase, or use of goods provided by specific business operators through methods such as setting up unreasonable project databases, directory databases, alternative databases, or qualification databases;

(4) Restricting or covertly restricting the operation, purchase, or use of goods provided by specific business operators through the implementation of incentives or punitive measures;

(5) Other content that restricts the operation, purchase, or use of goods provided by specific business operators.

Article 12: The drafting of policies and measures involving the economic activities of business operators shall not contain the following content that sets unreasonable or discriminatory conditions for entry or exit:

(1) Setting up access conditions that are clearly unnecessary or exceed actual needs;

(2) Setting discriminatory conditions for market access and exit based on the form of ownership, place of registration, organizational form, scale, and so forth;

(3) Illegally setting up obstacles to market exit in areas such as deregistration, bankruptcy, or listing and transfer of business operators;

(4) Other content that sets unreasonable or discriminatory conditions for entry or exit.

Section 2 Examination Standards for Restricting the Free Flow of Commodities and Factors

Article 13 The drafting of policies and measures involving the economic activities of business operators shall not contain the following content that restricts the entry of foreign or imported commodities or factors into the local market, or hinders the relocation of local business operators and the export of commodities and factors:

(1) Stipulating discriminatory measures such as technical requirements, inspection standards, and more inspection frequency for foreign or imported commodities that are different from those of similar local commodities, or requiring repeated inspections and certifications;

(2) Obstructing the entry of foreign and imported goods or factors into the local market or the export of local goods or factors through the setting up of checkpoints or other means;

(3) Illegally setting up approval procedures or other unreasonable conditions to prevent business operators from changing their registered address, reducing their registered capital, or requiring business operators to operate in the local area;

(4) Other content that restricts the entry of foreign or imported goods or factors into the local market, or obstructs the export of goods or factors by local business operators moving out.

Article 14: The drafting of policies and measures involving the economic activities of business operators shall not contain the following content that excludes, restricts, compels, or covertly compels non-local business operators to invest, operate, or establish branches in the locality:

(1) Coercing, refusing, or obstructing non-local business operators from investing, operating, or establishing branches in the locality;

(2) Unreasonably restricting or making unreasonable demands on the scale, method, output value, and taxation of local investment by non-local business operators, as well as the business model and organizational form of establishing branches;

(3) Taking local investment or the establishment of branches as a necessary condition for participating in local government procurement, bidding and bidding, and carrying out production and operation;

(4) Other content that excludes, restricts, coercions, or covertly compels non-local business operators to invest, operate, or establish branches locally.

Article 15: The drafting of policies and measures involving the economic activities of business operators must not contain the following content that excludes, restricts, or covertly restricts non-local business operators from participating in local government procurement, bidding and bidding:

(1) Prohibiting non-local business operators from participating in local government procurement, bidding and bidding activities;

(2) Directly or indirectly requesting preferential procurement of goods provided by locally registered business operators;

(3) The area where the operator has achieved performance and awards, the area where taxes and social security are paid, the place of origin and registered address of the bidding (response) product, and the formation of a consortium with local operators are used as bidding (response) conditions, bonus conditions, bid-winning (transaction, shortlisting) conditions or bid evaluation terms;

(4) Use business operators' performance in the region, years of establishment, awards and honors received, local tax and social security payments, and so forth to assess enterprise credit ratings, or set differentiated credit scores based on factors such as the origin of commodities and factors, to influence non-local business operators' participation in local government procurement, bidding and bidding;

(5) Set differential evaluation standards according to the origin of the products tendered (responded) by the operator;

(6) Setting unreasonable publicity times, response times, requiring on-site registration or on-site purchase of procurement documents, bidding documents, etc., to influence non-local business operators to participate in local government procurement, bidding and bidding;

(7) Other content that excludes, restricts, or covertly restricts non-local business operators from participating in local government procurement, bidding, and bidding.

Article 16: The drafting of policies and measures involving the economic activities of business operators shall not contain the following content of setting discriminatory fee items, fee standards, prices or subsidies for foreign or imported commodities and elements:

(1) Setting discriminatory fee items or fee standards for foreign or imported goods or elements;

(2) imposing discriminatory prices on foreign or imported goods and factors;

(3) Implementing discriminatory subsidy policies for foreign or imported goods and factors;

(4) Other content that sets discriminatory fee items, fee standards, prices, or subsidies for foreign or imported goods or elements.

Article 17: The drafting of policies and measures involving the economic activities of business operators must not contain the following content that sets discriminatory requirements for foreign business operators to invest and operate locally in terms of qualification standards, regulatory law enforcement, and so forth:

(1) Stipulating discriminatory qualifications, standards, and other requirements for foreign business operators to invest and operate locally;

(2) Imposing discriminatory regulatory and law enforcement standards on non-local business operators, increasing the number of law enforcement inspection items or increasing the frequency of law enforcement inspections, and so forth;

(3) Imposing discriminatory requirements on non-local business operators in terms of the scale and method of investment and operation, and the level of taxes and fees;

(4) Other content that sets discriminatory requirements for non-local business operators to invest and operate locally in areas such as qualification standards, regulatory law enforcement, and so forth.

Section 3 Review Standards Affecting Production and Operation Costs

Article 18 The drafting of policies and measures involving the economic activities of business operators shall not contain the following content of tax incentives for specific business operators without a basis in laws or administrative regulations or without the approval of the State Council:

 (1) Reducing or exempting specific business operators from their tax payment obligations;

(2) Covertly supporting specific business operators in underpaying or not paying taxes through methods such as illegally changing the organizational form of business operators;

(3) Covertly supporting specific business operators to underpay or not pay taxes through methods such as the implementation of verification and collection of specific industrial parks;

(4) Other content that has no basis in laws or administrative regulations or has not been approved by the State Council to give tax incentives to specific business operators.

Article 19: The drafting of policies and measures involving the economic activities of business operators must not contain the following content of selective or differentiated financial incentives or subsidies given to specific business operators without a basis in laws or administrative regulations or without the approval of the State Council:

(1) Implementing financial incentives or subsidies by means such as directly identifying beneficiary operators or setting up directories or enterprise databases with unclear or unreasonable selection requirements;

(2) Implement financial incentives or subsidies based on the form of ownership or organization of business operators;

(3) Implement financial incentives or subsidies on the condition that non-local operators move their place of registration to the local area, pay taxes locally, or be included in local statistics;

(4) Adopting preferential policies such as listing revenues and expenditures, or employing methods such as collecting first and then returning, or refunding immediately after collection, or giving financial incentives or subsidies to specific operators, or reducing or exempting income from the paid use of natural resources, in violation of laws and regulations;

(5) Other content that has no basis in laws or administrative regulations, or without the approval of the State Council, giving selective or differentiated financial rewards or subsidies to specific business operators.

Article 20: The drafting of policies and measures involving the economic activities of business operators without a basis in laws or administrative regulations or without the approval of the State Council must not contain the following content that gives preferential treatment to specific business operators in terms of access to factors, administrative fees, government funds, social insurance premiums, etc.:

(1) Giving preferential policies in terms of access to factors by directly identifying the beneficiary business operators or setting up no objective and clear conditions;

(2) Exempting, deferring, or suspending the collection of administrative fees and government funds;

(3) Reducing or deferring the collection of social insurance premiums;

(4) Other content that has no basis in laws or administrative regulations or has not been approved by the State Council to give preferential treatment to specific business operators in areas such as access to factors, administrative fees, government funds, and social insurance premiums.

Section 4: Review standards for influencing production and business operations

Article 21 The drafting of policies and measures involving the economic activities of undertakings shall not contain the following content of compelling or covertly compelling undertakings to carry out monopolistic acts, or providing facilitation conditions for undertakings to carry out monopolistic acts:

(1) Coercing, organizing, or guiding business operators to carry out monopolistic conduct by means such as administrative orders or administrative guidance;

(2) Forcing or covertly coercing undertakings to carry out monopolistic conduct through means such as organizing the signing of agreements or memoranda of understanding;

(3) Illegally publicly disclosing or requiring business operators to publicly disclose sensitive information on production and operation such as proposed prices, costs, production and sales quantities, production and sales plans, and information on distributors and end customers of commodities and factors subject to market-regulated prices;

(4) Other content that compels or indirectly compels undertakings to carry out monopolistic conduct, or provides facilitation conditions for undertakings to carry out monopolistic conduct.

Article 22: The drafting of policies and measures involving the economic activities of business operators shall not contain the following content that exceeds the statutory authority to formulate government-guided prices and government pricing, provide preferential prices for specific business operators, and affect production and business operations:

(1) Carrying out government pricing on commodities and factors subject to government-guided prices, and illegally providing preferential prices;

(2) Formulating government-guided prices and government-set prices for commodities and elements that do not fall within the scope of the government's pricing catalogue at the same level, and illegally providing preferential prices;

(3) Failing to implement government-guided prices or government-set prices, and illegally providing preferential prices;

(4) Other content that exceeds the legally-prescribed authority to formulate government-guided prices and government-set prices, provide preferential prices for specific business operators, and affect production and business operations.

Article 23 The drafting of policies and measures involving the economic activities of business operators shall not contain the following content that illegally interferes with the price level of commodities and factors subject to market-regulated prices:

(1) Formulating recommended prices for commodities and factors subject to market-regulated prices, affecting fair competition;

(2) Interfering with the price level of commodities and factors subject to market-regulated prices through methods such as illegal interference in handling fees, premiums, discounts, etc., affecting fair competition;

(3) Other content that illegally interferes with the price level of commodities and factors subject to market-regulated prices.

Section 5 Other Provisions on Review Criteria

Article 24: The drafting of policies and measures involving the economic activities of business operators must not contain other content that restricts or covertly restricts market access and exit, restricts the free flow of commodity elements, affects production and business costs, affects production and business operations, and otherwise affects fair market competition.

Article 25: Where policy measures that have or might have the effect of eliminating or restricting competition after a fair competition review meet any of the following circumstances, and there is no alternative that has a smaller impact on fair competition, and a reasonable period for implementation or termination conditions can be determined, they may be promulgated:

 (1) For the purpose of preserving national security and development interests;

(2) To promote scientific and technological progress and enhance the country's ability to innovate independently;

(3) For the realization of social public interests such as energy conservation, environmental protection, disaster relief, etc.;

(4) Other circumstances provided for by laws or administrative regulations, or approved by the State Council.

For the purposes of this article, the term "no alternatives that have a smaller impact on fair competition" refers to those in which the policy measures are truly necessary to achieve the objectives of the relevant policies, and the adverse impact on fair competition is the smallest and the least effective after the competition effect is assessed against the review criteria.

The reasonable implementation period referred to in this article shall be the shortest period required to achieve the policy objectives, and the termination conditions shall be clear and specific. After the period is completed or the conditions for termination are met, the implementation of relevant policy measures shall be stopped in a timely manner.

Chapter III: Review Mechanisms and Review Procedures

Article 26: Drafting units carrying out fair competition reviews of policy measures during the drafting phase shall strictly abide by the fair competition review procedures, accurately apply fair competition review standards, scientifically assess the impact of fair competition, and objectively make fair competition review conclusions in accordance with law.

Article 27: Fair competition reviews shall be carried out after the content of the policy measures is basically complete. Where there is a major change in the content of the policy measures after the review, a new fair competition review shall be conducted.

Article 28: Drafting units carrying out fair competition reviews shall hear the opinions of interested parties on the impact of fair competition in accordance with law. Where the public interest is involved, the public's opinions shall be heard through government department websites, government affairs new media, and other methods that are convenient for the public to know. Hearing opinions on the impact of fair competition may be conducted in conjunction with other consultation procedures.

For policy measures that need to be kept confidential or where there are legitimate reasons to limit the scope of knowledge, the drafting unit is to handle it in accordance with the relevant laws and regulations, and explain the relevant circumstances in the review conclusion.

"Interested parties" as used in this article includes business operators participating in relevant market competition, upstream and downstream business operators, industry associations and chambers of commerce, and other business operators that may be affected by policy measures.

Article 29: After assessing the impact of the relevant policy measures on fair competition, the drafting unit shall, in writing, make a clear review conclusion on whether it meets the standards for fair competition review.

Where the provisions of Article 12 of the Regulations are applied, the drafting unit shall also explain the following content in the review conclusion:

(1) The policy measures have or may have the effect of eliminating or restricting competition;

(2) The specific circumstances provided for in Article 12 of the Regulations apply;

(3) the reasons why the policy measures have the least adverse impact on fair competition;

(4) The reasonableness of the implementation period or termination conditions of the policy measures;

(5) Other content that needs to be explained.

Article 30: The department for market regulation of the people's government at that level is to carry out a fair competition review during the drafting phase of policies and measures that are to be promulgated by the people's government at the county level or above or submitted to the people's congress and its standing committee at that level for deliberation.

The term "policy measures to be promulgated by people's governments at the county level or above" as used in this article includes policies and measures to be promulgated by people's governments at the county level or above and their general offices (offices) or forwarded to government departments at the same level.

The policy measures submitted to the people's congresses and their standing committees at the corresponding level for deliberation as used in this article include draft laws and local regulations submitted for deliberation.

Article 31: Before submitting draft policies and measures to the people's government at that level, the drafting unit shall request that the market regulation department at the same level carry out a fair competition review and provide the following materials:

(1) Draft policies and measures;

(2) Explanations for drafting policy measures;

(3) Preliminary opinions on fair competition review;

(4) Other materials that need to be provided.

The explanation for the drafting of policies and measures provided by the drafting unit shall include content such as the basis for formulating the policy measures, hearing opinions on the impact of fair competition, and the adoption of such content.

The drafting unit shall carry out a fair competition review in strict accordance with the review standards provided for in the Regulations and these Measures, and form a preliminary review opinion.

Where the materials provided by the drafting unit are incomplete or the policy measures have not yet solicited the opinions of relevant parties in accordance with the requirements of the regulations, the departments for market regulation may request that they be supplemented and corrected within a certain period of time; and where it is not promptly supplemented and corrected, it is to be returned for handling.

Article 32: Drafting units must not substitute for fair competition review by sending them to the departments for market regulation for countersignature, soliciting comments, and so forth.

Article 33: The departments for market regulation shall conduct a fair competition review of policy measures on the basis of the materials provided by the drafting unit, and make a written conclusion on the review.

Article 34: Where policies and measures involving the economic activities of business operators have not been reviewed for fair competition, or are found to be in violation of the provisions of the Regulations, they must not be introduced.

Article 35: On the basis of their duties, the departments for market regulation and drafting units may retain a third-party body to carry out assessments of the possible impact of the policy measures on competition, the effects of competition after implementation, and the implementation of the region's fair competition review system, to provide a reference for decision-making.

Article 36: State secrets, commercial secrets, and personal privacy that relevant departments, units, and individuals learn of in the course of fair competition reviews shall be kept confidential in accordance with law.

Chapter IV: Supervision and Safeguards

Article 37: Any unit or individual may report violations of policy measures provided for in the Regulations to the departments for market regulation. The informant shall be responsible for the authenticity of the content of the report. The drafting unit and its staff shall protect the lawful rights and interests of informants in accordance with law.

The market regulation departments at all levels are responsible for handling reports on the policies and measures of the relevant units of the people's government at the same level and the people's government at the next level; Where the higher-level department for market regulation finds it necessary, it may directly handle reports that are within the scope of the lower-level department for market regulation.

Where the departments for market regulation receive feedback that laws, administrative regulations, or local regulations are suspected of impacting fair market competition, they shall transfer it to the relevant units for handling in accordance with laws and regulations. Where it is received that a policy measure that has not yet been introduced is suspected of violating the provisions of the Regulations, it may be transferred to the drafting unit for handling.

Article 38: After the departments for market regulation receive the reporting materials, they shall promptly review whether the reporting materials are circumstances that reflect the suspected violation of the fair competition review system, and whether the reporting materials are complete and clear.

Where the reporting materials are incomplete or unclear, the departments for market regulation may request that the informant supplement and correct them within 7 working days. Where the informant fails to make corrections within the time limit or is still unable to determine the direction of the reporting materials after supplementing and correcting them, the departments for market regulation are not to verify it.

The market regulation departments with the authority to handle it shall conduct a verification and make a conclusion within 60 days of receiving the report materials that meet the requirements. Where the circumstances of the reported matter are complicated, the time period may be appropriately extended as needed upon approval by the responsible person for the department for market regulation.

Article 39: The departments for market regulation are to organize spot checks on relevant policy measures.

Spot checks can be carried out within a certain region, or for specific industries and fields. The departments for market regulation shall carry out key spot checks in regions, industries, or fields where violations of the regulations are found or reported.

The market regulation department of the people's government at the same or higher level as the unit implementing vertical management is responsible for carrying out spot checks on relevant policy measures drafted by units implementing vertical management and their dispatched agencies.

The departments for market regulation shall report the situation of spot checks to the people's government at the same level and the department for market regulation at the level above, and may disclose the results of spot checks to the public.

Article 40: The departments for market regulation shall organize and carry out inspections of policy measures suspected of violating the provisions of the Regulations that are discovered through methods such as handling reports and spot checks. Where it is found that the relevant policy measures violate the provisions of the Regulations, the departments for market regulation shall urge the relevant drafting units to make corrections.

Where all levels of local market regulation department discovers in the course of their work that the dispatched agency of a unit implementing vertical management is suspected of violating the provisions of the Regulations, it shall report it to the market regulation department of the people's government at the same level or at the level above the unit implementing vertical management for verification.

Article 41: The State Administration for Market Regulation shall carry out fair competition review and supervision in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Regulations, and report the supervision to the State Council. For problems found in the inspection, the subject of the supervision shall rectify as required.

Article 42: Where drafting units fail to carry out fair competition reviews in accordance with the provisions of the Regulations, and upon urging by the departments for market regulation, they fail to make corrections within the time limit or are not in place, the department for market regulation at the level above may give their responsible person a talk, point out problems, hear opinions, and request that they propose corrective measures.

The departments for market regulation may notify the drafting unit's higher-level organ of the circumstances of the admonishment, and may also invite the relevant higher-level organ to jointly carry out the admonishment.

Article 43: Where the departments for market regulation discover the existence of industry, field, or regional problems or risks in the course of fair competition review work, they may remind them in writing and urge the relevant industry regulatory departments or local people's governments to carry out corrections and prevention.

Article 44: Where in the course of a fair competition review, the market regulation department discovers that the drafting unit is suspected of abusing administrative power to eliminate or restrict competition, it shall, in accordance with the "Anti-Monopoly Law of the People's Republic of China" and other relevant provisions, transfer it to an anti-monopoly law enforcement agency with jurisdiction for investigation and handling in accordance with law.

Article 45: Where drafting units have any of the following circumstances, causing a serious negative impact, the departments for market regulation may submit a recommendation to the competent organs to give sanctions to the directly responsible managers and other directly responsible personnel in accordance with law:

(1) Violating the fair competition review system by introducing policy measures;

(2) Refusing or obstructing the market regulation departments from carrying out oversight work related to fair competition reviews in accordance with law;

(3) Where problems are discovered in the review and supervision of fair competition, and they still do not make corrections after being interviewed by the departments for market regulation;

(4) Other violations of the fair competition review system, causing a serious negative impact.

Chapter V: Supplementary Provisions

Article 46: "Specific business operators" as used in these Measures refers to a certain business operator or a certain part of business operators that are directly or indirectly determined in policy measures, except where they are determined through conditions that are fair, reasonable, objective and clear, and non-exclusive.

Article 47: "Organizations authorized by laws and regulations to have public affairs management functions" as used in these Measures includes non-administrative organ organizations such as public institutions, basic-level autonomous organizations, professional and technical bodies, and industry associations that have been granted specific powers and responsibilities for the management of public affairs on the basis of laws and regulations.

Article 48: These Measures take effect on April 20, 2025.